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Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a group of symptoms that may occur with the use of certain serotonergic medications or drugs. [1] The symptoms can range from mild to severe, and are potentially fatal. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 2 ] Symptoms in mild cases include high blood pressure and a fast heart rate ; usually without a fever . [ 2 ]
They act by antagonizing the α 2-adrenergic receptor and certain serotonin receptors such as 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C, [1] but also 5-HT 3, [1] 5-HT 6, and/or 5-HT 7 in some cases. By blocking α 2 -adrenergic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors , NaSSAs enhance adrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in the brain involved in mood regulation ...
Lithium toxicity, also known as lithium overdose, is the condition of having too much lithium. Symptoms may include a tremor, increased reflexes, trouble walking, kidney problems, and an altered level of consciousness. Some symptoms may last for a year after levels return to normal. Complications may include serotonin syndrome. [1]
Serotonin (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/) [6] [7] [8] or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.Its biological function is complex, touching on diverse functions including mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
NHS figures show that the number of people in England taking antidepressants continues to rise, with 8.3m patients receiving them in 2021/22.
The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.. The earliest and probably most widely accepted scientific theory of antidepressant action is the monoamine hypothesis (which can be traced back to the 1950s), which states that depression is due to an imbalance (most often a deficiency) of the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine). [1]
Symptoms caused by excessive adrenergic signalling can occur alongside those of serotonergic signalling. Abnormal echocardiograms or chest pain are indicative of adrenergic storm. [ 23 ] On the other hand, uncontrollable slow, rhythmic, or jerky movements, contractions and tension—often in every part of the body, dangerously high fever , eye ...
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (Effexor), its active metabolite desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and duloxetine (Cymbalta) prevent the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, however their efficacy appears to be only marginally greater than the SSRIs.