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2. Half-value layer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-value_layer

   A material's half-value layer (HVL), or half-value thickness, is the thickness of the material at which the intensity of radiation entering it is reduced by one half. [1] HVL can also be expressed in terms of air kerma rate (AKR), rather than intensity: the half-value layer is the thickness of specified material that, "attenuates the beam of radiation to an extent such that the AKR is reduced ...

3. Radiation protection - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_protection

   The effectiveness of shielding is dependent on stopping power, which varies with the type and energy of radiation and the shielding material used. Different shielding techniques are therefore used depending on the application and the type and energy of the radiation. Shielding reduces the intensity of radiation, increasing with thickness. This ...

4. Radiation-absorbent material - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation-absorbent_material

   An RF anechoic chamber used for EMC testing. In materials science, radiation-absorbent material (RAM) is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible.

5. Lead shielding - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_shielding

   Lead shielding refers to the use of lead as a form of radiation protection to shield people or objects from radiation so as to reduce the effective dose. Lead can effectively attenuate certain kinds of radiation because of its high density and high atomic number ; principally, it is effective at stopping gamma rays and x-rays .

6. Industrial radiography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_radiography

   Shielding can be used to protect the user of the harmful properties of ionizing radiation. The type of material used for shielding depends on the type of radiation being used. National radiation safety authorities usually regulate the design, commissioning, maintenance and inspection of Industrial Radiography installations. [21]

7. Nuclear fallout - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallout

   For the purposes of radiation shielding, many materials have a characteristic halving thickness: the thickness of a layer of a material sufficient to reduce gamma radiation exposure by 50%. Halving thicknesses of common materials include: 1 cm (0.4 inch) of lead, 6 cm (2.4 inches) of concrete, 9 cm (3.6 inches) of packed earth or 150 m (500 ft ...

8. Multi-layer insulation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-layer_insulation

   The golden areas are MLI blankets on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The principle behind MLI is radiation balance. To see why it works, start with a concrete example - imagine a square meter of a surface in outer space, held at a fixed temperature of 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F), with an emissivity of 1, facing away from the sun or other heat sources.

9. Attenuation coefficient - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation_coefficient

   Most commonly, the quantity measures the exponential decay of intensity, that is, the value of downward e-folding distance of the original intensity as the energy of the intensity passes through a unit (e.g. one meter) thickness of material, so that an attenuation coefficient of 1 m −1 means that after passing through 1 metre, the radiation ...