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Climate variability is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of extreme weather, etc.) "on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events."
Emission trajectories needed to achieve the Paris Agreement's two-degree target without negative emissions, depending on the emission peak. Evolution of land and sea temperatures 1880-2020 compared to the 1951-1980 average.
During this era, Saturn's moon Titan may reach surface temperatures necessary to support life. [124] 7.9 billion The Sun reaches the top of the red-giant branch of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, achieving its maximum radius of 256 times the present-day value. [125] In the process, Mercury, Venus and Earth are likely destroyed. [121] 8 billion
The biological and geological future of Earth can be extrapolated based on the estimated effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry at Earth's surface, the cooling rate of the planet's interior, gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System, and a steady increase in the Sun's luminosity.
The Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) was published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on 8 October 2018. [1] The report, approved in Incheon, South Korea, includes over 6,000 scientific references, and was prepared by 91 authors from 40 countries. [1]
It will be quicker to reach net-zero emissions for CO 2 alone rather than CO 2 plus other greenhouse gases like methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. [22] The net-zero target date for non-CO 2 emissions is later partly because modellers assume that some of these emissions such as methane from farming are harder to phase out. [22]
Four climate change scenarios, based on 2015 data. [5] [6] Left: emissions pathways following the scenarios of (1) no policy, (2) current policy, (3) meeting the governments’ announcements with constant country decarbonization rates past 2030, and (4) meeting the governments’ announcements with higher rates of decarbonization past 2030.
The widespread adoption of a vegetarian diet could cut food-related greenhouse gas emissions by 63% by 2050. [110] China introduced new dietary guidelines in 2016 which aim to cut meat consumption by 50% and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 1 Gt per year by 2030. [ 111 ]