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Early Iranians had their own regional elected councils. By the time of the Medians, the city-states were administered in a democratic fashion.. During the Achaemenids, in a debate over the constitution of Iran, Otanes argued in favor of democracy, however he did not succeed.
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, [17] also known as the Persian Empire [17] or First Persian Empire [18] (/ ə ˈ k iː m ə n ɪ d /; Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂, Xšāça, lit. 'The Empire' [ 19 ] or 'The Kingdom' [ 20 ] ), was an Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
Malekeh Queen Malekeh Jahaan World Queen, title shared by Nasser-ed-Din Shah's mother and Mohammad 'Ali Shah's wife. Mahd-e-Oliaa "Queen Mother" (Lit. Mahd = hearth or cradle; Olia' = most high; thus = "most high hearth or cradle" or "most high life giving place" ; i.e., place from whence one is born, and thus more elegantly translated as "Sublime Cradle."
Persia's arch-rival during this time was the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. Iran endured invasions by the Macedonians, Arabs, Turks, and Mongols. Despite these invasions, Iran continually reasserted its national identity and developed as a distinct political and cultural entity.
The Persian Empire was a hereditary monarchy, though the spirit of eldest son succession was often violated through palace intrigues. The historical kings as given in Greek sources are: The historical kings as given in Greek sources are:
The title was used in its Persian form (šāhān šāh) after Greek ceased being used. [64] The first Parthian capital was at Nisa in Parthia. In 217 BC, the capital was moved to Qumis and in 50 BC a multi-capital system was established, with royal residences at Ctesiphon, Ecbatana, and Ray. [65] This list omits rival kings and claimants.
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) Facing the possibility of a Russian conquest of Tehran and with Tabriz already occupied, Persia signed the Treaty of Turkmenchay; decisive and final cession of the last Caucasian territories of Iran comprising modern-day Armenia, the remainder of the Azerbaijan Republic that was still in Iranian hands, and Igdir ...
The Fars territory or Ancient Persia or in terms of political history in the Sasanian Empire era and early Islamic period was a state and included the current provinces of Fars, Bushehr province, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and even Yazd province and Behbahan County of Khuzestan province.