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Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1]
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). [1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi , oomycetes , bacteria , viruses , viroids , virus -like organisms, phytoplasmas , protozoa , nematodes and parasitic plants . [ 2 ]
Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response.
Members of the order Venturiales are widely distributed. These include parasites and saprobes as well as pathogens of humans, animals, and plants. [1] [2] Members of the family Venturiaceae compose about 80% of all Venturiales. [1]
The Annual Review of Phytopathology is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes review articles about phytopathology, the study of diseases that affect plants.It was first published in 1963 as the result of a collaboration between the American Phytopathological Society and the nonprofit publisher Annual Reviews.
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen.SAR is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals, and although there are many shared aspects between the two systems, it is thought to be a result of convergent evolution. [1]
To make up for this lack of defense, plants use the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathways to combat trauma and pathogens. PTI is the first line of defense in plants and is triggered by PAMPs to initiate signaling throughout the plant that damage has occurred to a cell. Along with the PTI, DAMPs are also ...
As PR proteins are produced when plant tissue is stressed, various ways of stress signaling is used to "bait" the plant into expressing PR genes for identification. Useful stressors include an actual infection or simply defense signals such as salicylate and methyl jasmonate .