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  2. Feynman parametrization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_parametrization

    Feynman parametrization is a technique for evaluating loop integrals which arise from Feynman diagrams with one or more loops. However, it is sometimes useful in ...

  3. Loop integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_integral

    Using Feynman parametrization, this can be rewritten as a linear combination of integrals of the form ... Vladimir A. Smirnov: "Feynman Integral Calculus", Springer ...

  4. Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler–Feynman_absorber...

    The Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory (also called the Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory), named after its originators, the physicists Richard Feynman and John Archibald Wheeler, is a theory of electrodynamics based on a relativistic correct extension of action at a distance electron particles. The theory postulates no independent ...

  5. Feynman diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram

    The Feynman diagrams are much easier to keep track of than "old-fashioned" terms, because the old-fashioned way treats the particle and antiparticle contributions as separate. Each Feynman diagram is the sum of exponentially many old-fashioned terms, because each internal line can separately represent either a particle or an antiparticle.

  6. Schwinger parametrization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_parametrization

    Schwinger parametrization is a technique for evaluating loop integrals which arise from Feynman diagrams with one or more loops. Using the well-known observation that = ()!, Julian Schwinger noticed that one may simplify the integral:

  7. Propagator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagator

    The Feynman propagator has some properties that seem baffling at first. In particular, unlike the commutator, the propagator is nonzero outside of the light cone, though it falls off rapidly for spacelike intervals. Interpreted as an amplitude for particle motion, this translates to the virtual particle travelling faster than light.

  8. Hellmann–Feynman theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmann–Feynman_theorem

    The Hellmann–Feynman theorem is actually a direct, and to some extent trivial, consequence of the variational principle (the Rayleigh–Ritz variational principle) from which the Schrödinger equation may be derived. This is why the Hellmann–Feynman theorem holds for wave-functions (such as the Hartree–Fock wave-function) that, though not ...

  9. Dimensional regularization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_regularization

    In theoretical physics, dimensional regularization is a method introduced by Giambiagi and Bollini [1] as well as – independently and more comprehensively [2] – by 't Hooft and Veltman [3] for regularizing integrals in the evaluation of Feynman diagrams; in other words, assigning values to them that are meromorphic functions of a complex parameter d, the analytic continuation of the number ...