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The client must first authenticate itself with the proxy. 408 Request Timeout The server timed out waiting for the request. According to HTTP specifications: "The client did not produce a request within the time that the server was prepared to wait. The client MAY repeat the request without modifications at any later time." 409 Conflict
Authentication required: In some cases, the server requires authentication to access certain resources. If the user does not provide valid credentials or if the authentication fails, a 403 status code is returned. IP restrictions: The server may also restrict access to specific IP addresses or IP ranges.
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Proxy-Authenticate: Request authentication to access the proxy. Proxy-Authenticate: Basic: Permanent RFC 9110: Public-Key-Pins [55] HTTP Public Key Pinning, announces hash of website's authentic TLS certificate: Public-Key-Pins: max-age=2592000; pin-sha256="E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g="; Permanent RFC 7469: Retry-After
The authenticator is a network device that provides a data link between the client and the network and can allow or block network traffic between the two, such as an Ethernet switch or wireless access point; and the authentication server is typically a trusted server that can receive and respond to requests for network access, and can tell the ...
"A 'transparent proxy' is a proxy that does not modify the request or response beyond what is required for proxy authentication and identification". "A 'non-transparent proxy' is a proxy that modifies the request or response in order to provide some added service to the user agent, such as group annotation services, media type transformation ...
The client is now being proxied to the remote host. Any data sent to the proxy server is now forwarded, unmodified, to the remote host [3] and the client can communicate using any protocol accepted by the remote host. In the example below, the client is starting SSH communications, as hinted at by the port number in the initial CONNECT request.
After successfully stealing appropriate session cookies an adversary might use the Pass the Cookie technique to perform session hijacking. Cookie hijacking is commonly used against client authentication on the internet. Modern web browsers use cookie protection mechanisms to protect the web from being attacked. [1]