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Concentrated solar power can achieve the high temperatures necessary to split water. Hydrosol-2 is a 100-kilowatt pilot plant at the Plataforma Solar de Almería in Spain which uses sunlight to obtain the required 800 to 1,200 °C (1,070 to 1,470 K; 1,470 to 2,190 °F) to split water. Hydrosol II has been in operation since 2008.
Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams for the fundamental finite Coxeter groups Coxeter–Dynkin diagrams for the fundamental affine Coxeter groups. In geometry, a Coxeter–Dynkin diagram (or Coxeter diagram, Coxeter graph) is a graph with numerically labeled edges (called branches) representing a Coxeter group or sometimes a uniform polytope or uniform tiling constructed from the group.
The pair (P, η) defines the structure of an affine geometry on M, making it into an affine manifold. The affine Lie algebra aff(n) splits as a semidirect product of R n and gl(n) and so η may be written as a pair (θ, ω) where θ takes values in R n and ω takes values in gl(n).
The mechanism for splitting water involves absorption of three photons before the fourth provides sufficient energy for water oxidation. [4] Based on a widely accepted theory from 1970 by Kok, the complex can exist in 5 states, denoted S 0 to S 4 , with S 0 the most reduced and S 4 the most oxidized.
The process of water-splitting is a highly endothermic process (ΔH > 0). Water splitting occurs naturally in photosynthesis when the energy of four photons is absorbed and converted into chemical energy through a complex biochemical pathway (Dolai's or Kok's S-state diagrams). [3] O–H bond homolysis in water requires energy of 6.5 - 6.9 eV ...
In mathematics, the affine group or general affine group of any affine space is the group of all invertible affine transformations from the space into itself. In the case of a Euclidean space (where the associated field of scalars is the real numbers), the affine group consists of those functions from the space to itself such that the image of every line is a line.
In quantum optics, the Jaynes–Cummings model (sometimes abbreviated JCM) is a theoretical model that describes the system of a two-level atom interacting with a quantized mode of an optical cavity (or a bosonic field), with or without the presence of light (in the form of a bath of electromagnetic radiation that can cause spontaneous emission ...
It is induced, in a canonical manner, from the affine connection. It can also be regarded as the gauge field generated by local Lorentz transformations . In some canonical formulations of general relativity, a spin connection is defined on spatial slices and can also be regarded as the gauge field generated by local rotations .