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Cleaning agents or hard-surface cleaners are substances (usually liquids, powders, sprays, or granules) used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, foul odors, and clutter on surfaces. [1] Purposes of cleaning agents include health , beauty, removing offensive odors, and avoiding the spread of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others.
A 12% solution is widely used in waterworks for the chlorination of water, and a 15% solution is more commonly [36] used for disinfection of wastewater in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water, [ 37 ] taking 0.2–2 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter of water.
Vinegar is known as an effective cleaner of stainless steel and glass. Malt vinegar sprinkled onto crumpled newspaper is a traditional, and still-popular, method of cleaning grease-smeared windows and mirrors in the United Kingdom. [53] Vinegar can be used for polishing copper, brass, bronze or silver.
A 1:20 solution is isotonic with body fluids. 1:4 dilution is used for wound management applications; this contains 0.25% (w/v) available chlorine and has a pH of 10.5–11.2 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The fluid has been used in endodontics , for example to irrigate an infected root canal , although it is not medically licensed for use in the mouth.
The grade of chlorine-based bleaches is often expressed as percent active chlorine. One gram of 100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as one gram of elemental chlorine. The most common chlorine-based bleaches are: Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), usually as a 3–6% solution in water, usually called "liquid bleach" or just "bleach".
Trisodium phosphate was at one time extensively used in formulations for a variety of consumer-grade soaps and detergents, and the most common use for trisodium phosphate has been in cleaning agents. The pH of a 1% solution is 12 (i.e., very basic ), and the solution is sufficiently alkaline to saponify grease and oils.
In aqueous solution, it has a pK a value of 4.76. [21] Its conjugate base is acetate (CH 3 COO −). A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated. [a] Cyclic dimer of acetic acid; dashed green lines represent hydrogen bonds
The composition of the resulting solution depends on the pH at the anode. In acid conditions the solution produced will have a high hypochlorous acid concentration, but will also contain dissolved gaseous chlorine, which can be corrosive, at a neutral pH the solution will be around 75% hypochlorous acid and 25% hypochlorite.