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Vibration, standing waves in a string. The fundamental and the first 5 overtones in the harmonic series. A vibration in a string is a wave. Resonance causes a vibrating string to produce a sound with constant frequency, i.e. constant pitch. If the length or tension of the string is correctly adjusted, the sound produced is a musical tone.
The physics of the bowed string; Instruments in Depth: The Viola, an online feature presented by Bloomingdale School of Music (2010) Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Stringed instruments" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. A Brief History of String Instruments Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
Modern research on the physics of violins began with Helmholtz, who showed that the shape of the string as it is bowed is in the form of a 'V', with an apex (known as the 'Helmholtz corner') that moves along the main part of the string at a constant speed. Here, the nature of the friction between bow and string changes, and slipping or sticking ...
In instruments with undamped strings (e.g. harps, guitars and kotos), strings will resonate at their fundamental or overtone frequencies when other nearby strings are sounded. For example, an A string at 440 Hz will cause an E string at 330 Hz to resonate, because they share an overtone of 1320 Hz (the third harmonic of A and fourth harmonic of E).
String resonance of a bass guitar A note with fundamental frequency of 110 Hz. In musical instruments, strings under tension, as in lutes, harps, guitars, pianos, violins and so forth, have resonant frequencies directly related to the mass, length, and tension of the string. The wavelength that will create the first resonance on the string is ...
The earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked (for example, the Greek lyre). Two-stringed, bowed instruments, played upright and strung and bowed with horsehair, may have originated in the nomadic equestrian cultures of Central Asia, in forms closely resembling the modern-day Mongolian Morin huur and the Kazakh Kobyz.
Musical acoustics or music acoustics is a multidisciplinary field that combines knowledge from physics, [1] [2] [3] psychophysics, [4] organology [5] (classification of the instruments), physiology, [6] music theory, [7] ethnomusicology, [8] signal processing and instrument building, [9] among other disciplines.
Mersenne's laws govern the construction and operation of string instruments, such as pianos and harps, which must accommodate the total tension force required to keep the strings at the proper pitch. Lower strings are thicker, thus having a greater mass per length. They typically have lower tension. Guitars are a familiar exception to this ...