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F-center laser 2.3-3.3 μm Ion laser Spectroscopy Optically pumped semiconductor laser 920 nm-1.35 μm Laser diode Projection, life sciences, forensic analysis, spectroscopy, eye surgery, laser light shows. The lasing medium is a semiconductor chip. Frequency doubling or tripling is typically done to produce visible or ultraviolet radiation.
Lasers are used in fiber-optic and free-space optical communications, optical disc drives, laser printers, barcode scanners, semiconductor chip manufacturing (photolithography, etching), laser surgery and skin treatments, cutting and welding materials, military and law enforcement devices for marking targets and measuring range and speed, and ...
Since then Berns investigated the basic interactions of light beams at the levels of tissues, cells, and molecules. He developed tools and techniques such as "laser scissors" and "laser tweezers" for manipulation of structures within a living cell, that can be used for the examination of cell biology and treatment of molecular pathology.
Electro–optics is a branch of electrical engineering, electronic engineering, materials science, and material physics involving components, electronic devices such as lasers, laser diodes, LEDs, waveguides, etc. which operate by the propagation and interaction of light with various tailored materials.
Laser science or laser physics is a branch of optics that describes the theory and practice of lasers. [ 1 ] Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics , laser construction , optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media , and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser.
The first working laser was demonstrated on 16 May 1960 by Theodore Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories. [98] When first invented, they were called "a solution looking for a problem". [99] Since then, lasers have become a multibillion-dollar industry, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications.
Light is generated in a semiconductor laser by radiative recombination of electrons and holes. In order to generate more light by stimulated emission than is lost by absorption, the system's population density has to be inverted, see the article on lasers. A laser is, thus, always a high carrier density system that entails many-body interactions.
The most basic optical tweezer setup will likely include the following components: a laser (usually Nd:YAG), a beam expander, some optics used to steer the beam location in the sample plane, a microscope objective and condenser to create the trap in the sample plane, a position detector (e.g. quadrant photodiode) to measure beam displacements ...