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1810s–1870s Minneconjou Teton Lakota: Chief of Minneconjou teton lakota Indians, signed the treaty of fort Laramie in 1868. Father of Touch the Clouds and Spotted Elk, uncle to Crazy Horse: Captain Jack: c. 1837–1873 1860s–1870s Modoc: Mangas Coloradas: c. 1793–1863 1820s–1850s Apache: Cochise: c. 1805–1874 1860s–1870s Apache ...
Indian affairs in early 1870s Arizona lurched back and forth between peace and war. Each new round of hostilities brought increasing conflict between the settlers and the soldiers. The report of the Indian Peace Commission , in 1867, led to the creation of the Board of Indian Commissioners two years later.
Keller, Robert H. American Protestantism and United States Indian Policy, 1869-82 (U of Nebraska Press, 1983). Levine, Richard R. "Indian fighters and Indian reformers: Grant's Indian peace policy and the conservative consensus." Civil War History 31.4 (1985): 329-352. Lookingbill, Brad D. ed. A Companion to Custer and the Little Bighorn ...
A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8032-8246-X. Michno, Gregory F. Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868, 360 pages, Caxton Press, 2007, ISBN 0-87004-460-5. Stannard, D.E. (1992). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press paperback.
United States Army Indian Scouts and trackers had served the US government since the Civil War. During the Indian Wars, the Pawnee people, the Crow people and the Tonkawa people allied with the American cavalry against their old rivals the Apache and Sioux. [32] Sgt. I-See-O of the Kiowa people was still in active service during the World War I ...
Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848–1865, University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-9550-2. Big Dry Wash Battlfield, Arizona at NPS; Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Archived 2009-04-19 at the Wayback Machine, history and culture; Yavapai–Apache Nation, official site; Yavapai Prescott Indian Tribe, official site
According to historian Jeffrey Ostler, "Any discussion of genocide must, of course, eventually consider the so-called Indian Wars, the term commonly used for U.S. Army campaigns to subjugate Indian nations of the American West beginning in the 1860s. In an older historiography, key events in this history were narrated as battles.
Toy was born in Buffalo, New York in the early– to mid–1860s to Ernst and Catherine Toy. The 1870 U.S. Census shows his given name as Fred and his estimated birth year as 1864–1865. [1] He was educated in the Buffalo public schools. [2] The 1880 U.S. Census shows his given name as Friedrich and his estimated birth year as 1865. [3]