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Turkish grammar (Turkish: Türkçe dil bilgisi), as described in this article, is the grammar of standard Turkish as spoken and written by the majority of people in the Republic of Türkiye. Turkish is a highly agglutinative language , in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs .
There are nine simple and 20 compound tenses in Turkish. The nine simple tenses are: simple past (di'li geçmiş), inferential past (miş'li geçmiş), present continuous, simple present , future, optative, subjunctive, necessitative ("must") and imperative. [74] There are three groups of compound forms.
Turkish "to be" as regular/auxiliary verb and "to be" as copula (imek) contrasts.. The auxiliary verb imek (i-is the root) shows its existence only through suffixes to predicates that can be nouns, adjectives or arguably conjugated verb stems, arguably being the only irregular verb in Turkish.
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses, [25] which could be divided into six simple [26] and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to the simple tenses. Old Turkic simple tenses according to M. Erdal 's classification
The Past Continuous Tense (Şimdiki Zaman Hikâyesi) in Turkish.[4] [5]The progressive aspect expresses the dynamic quality of actions that are in progress while the continuous aspect expresses the state of the subject that is continuing the action.
Mortlockese uses tense markers such as mii and to denote the present tense state of a subject, aa to denote a present tense state that an object has changed to from a different, past state, kɞ to describe something that has already been completed, pɞ and lɛ to denote future tense, pʷapʷ to denote a possible action or state in future tense ...
Cypriot Turkish uses the aorist tense instead of the present continuous tense, and very often in place of the future tense as well. Standard Turkish Okula gidiyorum or Okula gideceğim ("I am going to school") are, in Cypriot Turkish, Giderim okula ("I go to school" / "I am going to school" / "I will go to school")