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The four-sides model (also known as communication square or four-ears model) is a communication model postulated in 1981 by German psychologist Friedemann Schulz von Thun. According to this model every message has four facets though not the same emphasis might be put on each.
Many models of communication include the idea that a sender encodes a message and uses a channel to transmit it to a receiver. Noise may distort the message along the way. The receiver then decodes the message and gives some form of feedback. [1] Models of communication simplify or represent the process of communication.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. Transmission of information For other uses, see Communication (disambiguation). "Communicate" redirects here. For other uses, see Communicate (disambiguation). There are many forms of communication, including human linguistic communication using sounds, sign language, and writing as ...
In 1993, the communication scholars Denis McQuail and Sven Windahl referred to Lasswell's model as "perhaps the most famous single phrase in communication research." [ 18 ] McQuail and Windahl also considered the model as a formula that would be transformed into a model once boxes were drawn around each element and arrows connected the elements.
People who develop this communication style usually feel powerless, resentful, and stuck. [2] Passive-aggressive individuals expose their anger through procrastination, being exaggeratedly forgetful, and or being intentionally inefficient, among other things. [3] Many behavioral characteristics are identified with this communication style.
"Styles can be ranged along a single dimension, measured by the amount of attention paid to speech." Style-shifting correlates strongly with the amount of attention paid to speech. According to studies conducted by Labov, this was one of the single most important factors that determined whether or not an interlocutor would make a style-shift.
The communication skills required for successful communication are different for source and receiver. For the source, this includes the ability to express oneself or to encode the message in an accessible way. [8] Communication starts with a specific purpose and encoding skills are necessary to express this purpose in the form of a message.
The detailed study of interpersonal communication dates back to the 1970s and was formalized based on aspects of communication that preceded it. Aspects of communication such as rhetoric, persuasion, and dialogue have become a part of interpersonal communication. [8] As writing and language styles developed, humans found ways to transfer messages.