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Scopolamine undergoes first-pass metabolism and about 2.6% is excreted unchanged in urine. It has a bioavailability of 20-40%, reaches peak plasma concentration in about 45 minutes, and in healthy subjects has an average half-life of 5 hours (observed range 2 - 10 hours). [7]
Hyoscine butylbromide, also known as scopolamine butylbromide [4] and sold under the brandname Buscopan among others, [5] is an anticholinergic medication used to treat abdominal pain, esophageal spasms, bladder spasms, biliary colic, [6] and renal colic. [7] [8] It is also used to improve excessive respiratory secretions at the end of life. [9]
Absorption half-life 1 h, elimination half-life 12 h. Biological half-life (elimination half-life, pharmacological half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration (C max) to half of C max in the blood plasma.
Hyoscyamine and scopolamine are present and labeled in the diagram. Hyoscyamine can be extracted from plants of the family Solanaceae , notably Datura stramonium . As hyoscyamine is a direct precursor in the plant biosynthesis of hyoscine , it is produced via the same metabolic pathway .
Methscopolamine, a methylated derivative of scopolamine, is a muscarinic antagonist structurally similar to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Its mechanism of action involves blocking the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It was patented in 1902 and approved for medical use in 1947. [3]
Oral oxycodone has a half-life of 4.5 hours. [88] It is available as a generic medication. [15] The manufacturer of OxyContin, a controlled-release preparation of oxycodone, Purdue Pharma, claimed in their 1992 patent application that the duration of action of OxyContin is 12 hours in "90% of patients". It has never performed any clinical ...
Context-sensitive half-life or context sensitive half-time is defined as the time taken for blood plasma concentration of a drug to decline by one half after an infusion designed to maintain a steady state (i.e. a constant plasma concentration) has been stopped. The "context" is the duration of infusion.
Serum or plasma harmine concentrations may be measured as a confirmation of diagnosis. The plasma elimination half-life of harmine is on the order of 1–3 hours. [9] Medically significant amounts of harmine occur in the plants Syrian rue and Banisteriopsis caapi. These plants also contain notable amounts of harmaline, [3] which is also a RIMA. [4]