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The MacMahon Squares game is an example of an edge-matching puzzle. The family of such problems is NP-complete . The first part of New Mathematical Diversions describes these games in general, starting with linear forms ( dominoes ), then progressing in detail with similar games using tiles shaped as equilateral triangles, squares, right ...
The apparent paradox is explained by the fact that the side of the new large square is a little smaller than the original one. If θ is the angle between two opposing sides in each quadrilateral, then the ratio of the two areas is given by sec 2 θ. For θ = 5°, this is approximately 1.00765, which corresponds to a difference of about 0.8%.
Mathematically, edge-matching puzzles are two-dimensional. A 3D edge-matching puzzle is such a puzzle that is not flat in Euclidean space, so involves tiling a three-dimensional area such as the surface of a regular polyhedron. As before, polygonal pieces have distinguished edges to require that the edges of adjacent pieces match.
A square can be divided into an even number of triangles of equal area (left), but into an odd number of only approximately equal area triangles (right). Monsky's proof combines combinatorial and algebraic techniques and in outline is as follows: Take the square to be the unit square with vertices at (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1).
One approach is to color the vertices (with two colors, e.g., black and white) and require that adjacent tiles have matching vertices. [32] Another is to use a pattern of circular arcs (as shown above left in green and red) to constrain the placement of tiles: when two tiles share an edge in a tiling, the patterns must match at these edges. [21]
Two sets of "Fractional Pattern Blocks" exist: both with two blocks. [7] The first has a pink double hexagon and a black chevron equivalent to four triangles. The second has a brown half-trapezoid and a pink half-triangle. Another set, Deci-Blocks, is made up of six shapes, equivalent to four, five, seven, eight, nine and ten triangles ...
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