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The i-stems descended from PIE nouns in -is, many of which were feminine abstract nouns in -tis. They were reasonably common and appeared in all three genders, although neuter i-stems were very rare with only a handful of reconstructible examples. The masculine and feminine i-stems were declined the same, with a nominative singular in -iz.
Abstract nouns: deceit, information, cunning, and nouns derived from adjectives, such as honesty, wisdom, intelligence, poverty, stupidity, curiosity, and words ending with "-ness", such as goodness, freshness, laziness, and nouns which are homonyms of adjectives with a similar meaning, such as good, bad (can also use goodness and badness), hot ...
Nouns indicating persons (except those in class 1a) may use either the prefix or the suffix [sɪt͡ɬʼʊhʊlʊ] setloholo ('grandchild') → [sɪt͡ɬʼʊhʊlʊŋ̩] setloholong, [hʊsɪt͡ɬʼʊhʊlʊ] ho setloholo; Many nouns, such as place names and nouns indicating times are used without any modification [lɪɬɑbulɑ] lehlabula ('summer')
The noun class that a noun belongs to is indicated by a prefix. [2] Nouns are divided somewhat arbitrarily between these classes, although a few of them contain nouns which mostly fall into clear categories. For example, all class 1 nouns are humans and verbal agents, most class 1a nouns are proper names and kinship terms, etc.
[15] [16] The existence of combined collective and abstract grammatical forms can be seen in English words such as youth = "the young people (collective)" or "young age (abstract)". [ 17 ] Remnants of this period exist in (for instance) the eh₂ -stems, ih₂ -stems, uh₂ -stems and bare h₂ -stems, which are found in daughter languages as ...
For example within nouns there are two sub classes, concrete nouns and abstract nouns. The concrete nouns include people, plants, animals, materials and objects while the abstract nouns refer to concepts such as qualities, actions, and processes. According to the nature of the noun, they are categorized into different semantic classes.
Concrete nouns like "cabbage" refer to physical bodies that can be observed by at least one of the senses while abstract nouns, like "love" and "hate" refer to abstract objects. In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes ('-ness', '-ity', '-tion') to adjectives or verbs e.g. "happiness", "serenity", "concentration."
By the end of the 2nd century BCE, grammarians had expanded this classification scheme into eight categories, seen in the Art of Grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax: [12] 'Name' (ónoma) translated as 'noun': a part of speech inflected for case, signifying a concrete or abstract entity.
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