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Glipizide, sold under the brand name Glucotrol among others, is an anti-diabetic medication of the sulfonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is used together with a diabetic diet and exercise.
Common side effects include nausea and heartburn. [1] Serious side effects may include angioedema and low blood sugar. [1] It is generally not recommended during pregnancy but can be used during breastfeeding. [3] It is in the sulfonylureas class of medications and works by increasing the release of insulin from the pancreas. [1]
Since the fetus is smaller and does not have a fully developed liver, the concentration of alcohol in its bloodstream lasts longer, increasing the chances of detrimental side effects. [69] The severity of effects alcohol may have on a developing fetus depends upon the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed as well as the stage of pregnancy.
Thiazolidinedione ligand dependent transactivation is responsible for the majority of anti-diabetic effects. The activated PPAR/RXR heterodimer binds to peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements upstream of target genes in complex with a number of coactivators such as nuclear receptor coactivator 1 and CREB binding protein, this causes upregulation of genes (for a full list see PPARγ):
In the colon, bacteria will digest the complex carbohydrates, thereby causing gastrointestinal side effects such as flatulence and diarrhea. Since these effects are dose-related, it is generally advised to start with a low dose and gradually increase the dose to the desired amount. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is another reported side ...
Side effect may include low blood sugar, vomiting, abdominal pain, rash, and liver problems. [4] [7] Use by those with significant kidney problems or liver problems or who are pregnant is not recommended. [7] [4] Gliclazide is in the sulfonylurea family of medications. [7] It works mostly by increasing the release of insulin. [7]
Pleiotropic effects of this class have been attributed to a variety of its pharmacodynamic actions such as natriuresis, hemoconcentration, deactivation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ketone body formation, alterations in energy homeostasis, glycosuria, lipolysis, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidative actions.
Common side effects include headache, nausea, and dizziness. [1] Serious side effects may include low blood sugar. [1] Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended. [3] It works predominantly by increasing the amount of insulin released from the pancreas. [1] It is classified as a second-generation sulfonylurea. [4]