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Behavior when the collection is empty varies – most often this yields an underflow error, identically to a pop on an empty collection, but some implementations provide a function which instead simply returns (without error), essentially implementing if isempty then return, else peek. This behavior can be axiomatized in various ways.
For example, Perl and Ruby allow pushing and popping an array from both ends, so one can use push and shift functions to enqueue and dequeue a list (or, in reverse, one can use unshift and pop), [2] although in some cases these operations are not efficient.
The dynamic array approach uses a variant of a dynamic array that can grow from both ends, sometimes called array deques. These array deques have all the properties of a dynamic array, such as constant-time random access , good locality of reference , and inefficient insertion/removal in the middle, with the addition of amortized constant-time ...
is_empty: check whether the queue has no elements. insert_with_priority: add an element to the queue with an associated priority. pull_highest_priority_element: remove the element from the queue that has the highest priority, and return it. This is also known as "pop_element(Off)", "get_maximum_element" or "get_front(most)_element".
[6] [7] The heap array is assumed to have its first element at index 1. // Push a new item to a (max) heap and then extract the root of the resulting heap. // heap: an array representing the heap, indexed at 1 // item: an element to insert // Returns the greater of the two between item and the root of heap.
The start and end indexes alone are not enough to distinguish between buffer full or empty state while also utilizing all buffer slots, [5] but can be if the buffer only has a maximum in-use size of Length − 1. [6] In this case, the buffer is empty if the start and end indexes are equal and full when the in-use size is Length − 1.
Immediately invoked function expressions may be written in a number of different ways. [3] A common convention is to enclose the function expression – and optionally its invocation operator – with the grouping operator, [4] in parentheses, to tell the parser explicitly to expect an expression.
Should this be a concern, macros are available [3] to compute the minimum size while ensuring that the compiler's padding is not disrupted. As the array may start in the padding before the end of the structure, its content should always be accessed via indexing ( arr[i] ) or offsetof , not sizeof .