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Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender. [1] Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent and consistent with the individual's gender identity. [2]
Many theories of development have aspects of identity formation included in them. Two theories directly address the process of identity formation: Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (specifically the Identity versus Role Confusion stage), James Marcia's identity status theory, and Jeffrey Arnett's theories of identity formation in emerging adulthood.
The Cass identity model is one of the fundamental theories of LGBT identity development, developed in 1979 by Vivienne Cass. [1] This model was one of the first to treat LGBTQIA+ people as normal in a heterosexist society and in a climate of homophobia and biphobia instead of treating homosexuality and bisexuality themselves as a problem.
The emergence of post-modernism theories affected gender studies, [21] causing a movement in identity theories away from the concept of fixed or essentialist gender identity, to post-modern [48] fluid [49] or multiple identities. [50]
Gender identity formation in early childhood is an important aspect of child development, shaping how individuals see themselves and others in terms of gender (Martin & Ruble, 2010). [10] It encompasses the understanding and internalization of societal norms, roles, and expectations associated with a specific gender.
gender identity: the child recognizes that they are either a boy or a girl and possesses the ability to label others. gender stability: the identity in which they recognizes themselves as does not change; gender consistency: the acceptance that gender does not change regardless of changes in gender-typed appearance, activities, and traits.
The legacy of gender schema theory has not been one of obvious lasting impact in the psychology of gender. Bem's theory was undoubtedly informed by the cognitive revolution of the 1970s and 1980s and was coming at a time when the psychology of gender was drastically picking up interest as more and more women were entering academic fields. While ...
One of the most influential of the psychoanalytic theories of gender identity is the perspective developed in the book The Reproduction of Mothering. Its author, Nancy Chodorow , traces the implications for emotional development by linking them with the way mothers usually care for their infants in their formative years, while fathers are more ...