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Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant [1] and in the plasma membrane where it directly activates lipid-gated ion channels. The general structure of phosphatidylglycerol consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2.
Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition.
Phosphatidylglycerol is a precursor and structural isomer of LBPA. [1] LBPA's stereochemistry is atypical among glycerophospholipids and influences its function within the LE/LY (late endosome/lysosome) system. [1] [2] LBPA makes up 15–20% of all LE/LY phospholipids and is not found in other subcellular membranes. [3]
Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels.Hydrolysis of phosphatidic acid gives rise to one molecule each of glycerol and phosphoric acid and two molecules of fatty acids.
Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid—more specifically a glycerophospholipid—which consists of two fatty acids attached in ester linkage to the first and second carbon of glycerol and serine attached through a phosphodiester linkage to the third carbon of the glycerol.
Other headgroups are also present to varying degrees and can include phosphatidylserine (PS) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). These alternate headgroups often confer specific biological functionality that is highly context-dependent.
Dephosphorylation of phosphatidylglycerol phosphate (PGP) to form PG (phosphatidylglycerol). This reaction is catalyzed by PgpB, a bacterial integral membrane lipid phosphate phosphatase. In the cartoon depiction of PgpB below, one can see its six transmembrane alpha helices, which are here shown horizontally. Of the three PGP phosphatases ...
In enzymology, a phosphatidylglycerol-membrane-oligosaccharide glycerophosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.20) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction phosphatidylglycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide D-glucose ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide 6-(glycerophospho)-D-glucose