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Neurogenic TOS includes disorders produced by compression of components of the brachial plexus nerves. The neurogenic form of TOS accounts for 95% of all cases of TOS. [21] Arterial TOS is due to compression of the subclavian artery. [21] This is less than one percent of cases. [2] Venous TOS is due to compression of the subclavian vein. [21]
Surgery may consist of the removal of the upper lobe of a lung together with its associated structures (subclavian artery, vein, branches of the brachial plexus, ribs and vertebral bodies), as well as mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Surgical access may be via thoracotomy from the back or the front of the chest and modifications. Nonsurgical ...
The subclavian nerve may issue a branch called the accessory phrenic nerve [3] [2] which innervates the diaphragm. [3] The accessory phrenic nerve may rather branch from the C4 or C6 segments or ansa cervicalis. [4] This nerve usually joins with the phrenic nerve before innervating the diaphragm, ventral to the subclavian vein. [5]
Brachial plexus block is a regional anesthesia technique that is sometimes employed as an alternative or as an adjunct to general anesthesia for surgery of the upper extremity. This technique involves the injection of local anesthetic agents in close proximity to the brachial plexus , temporarily blocking the sensation and ability to move the ...
The stellate ganglia may be cut in order to decrease the symptoms exhibited by Raynaud's phenomenon and hyperhydrosis (extreme sweating) of the hands. Injection of local anesthetics near the stellate ganglion can sometimes mitigate the symptoms of sympathetically mediated pain such as complex regional pain syndrome type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy), and symptoms associated with alterations ...
Subclavian steal syndrome (SSS), also called subclavian steal steno-occlusive disease, is a medical condition characterized by retrograde (reversed) blood flow in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery. This reversal occurs due to proximal stenosis (narrowing) or occlusion of the subclavian artery.
The Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt (BTT shunt), [1] previously known as the Blalock–Taussig Shunt (BT shunt), [2] is a surgical procedure used to increase blood flow to the lungs in some forms of congenital heart disease [3] such as pulmonary atresia and tetralogy of Fallot, which are common causes of blue baby syndrome. [3]
Treatment for neurofibrosarcoma is similar to that of other cancers. Surgery is an option; the removal of the tumor along with surrounding tissue may be vital for the patient's survival. For discrete, localized tumors, surgery is often followed by radiation therapy of the excised area to reduce the chance of recurrence. For patients who have ...