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It is under development by Cara Therapeutics as an intravenous agent for the treatment of postoperative pain. [10] [11] [13] An oral formulation has also been developed. [13]Due to its peripheral selectivity, difelikefalin lacks the central side effects like sedation, dysphoria, and hallucinations of previous KOR-acting analgesics such as pentazocine and phenazocine.
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
Endomorphins are considered to be natural opioid neuropeptides central to pain relief. [1] The two known endomorphins, endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2, are tetrapeptides, consisting of Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe and Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe amino acid sequences respectively. [2]
Peptide therapeutics are peptides or polypeptides (oligomers or short polymers of amino acids) which are used to for the treatment of diseases. Naturally occurring peptides may serve as hormones , growth factors , neurotransmitters , ion channel ligands , and anti-infectives ; peptide therapeutics mimic such functions.
Leu-enkephalin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter with the amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu that is found naturally in the brains of many animals, including humans. [2] [3] It is one of the two forms of enkephalin; the other is met-enkephalin. [2]
Most type 2 diabetes injections for weight loss are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. These drugs mimic the GLP-1 hormone, which is made in your gastrointestinal tract when you ...
The misdiagnosis of pain is the most important issue taken up by Travell and Simons. Referred pain from trigger points mimics the symptoms of a very long list of common maladies, but physicians, in weighing all the possible causes for a given condition, rarely consider a myofascial source.
Several monoclonal antibodies that bind to the CGRP receptor or peptide have been approved for prevention of migraine. [2] Nerve activation triggers the release of CGRP and other neuropeptides, leading to inflammation, pain, and swelling. Three small molecule CGRPR antagonists are approved in the U.S. as antimigraine agents.