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In SQL, the data manipulation language comprises the SQL-data change statements, [3] which modify stored data but not the schema or database objects. Manipulation of persistent database objects, e.g., tables or stored procedures, via the SQL schema statements, [3] rather than the data stored within them, is considered to be part of a separate data definition language (DDL).
NPL (for NonProcedural Language) was a relational database language developed by T.D. Truitt et al. [1] [2] in 1980 for Apple II and, later, for MS-DOS.In general, a non-procedural language (also called a declarative language) requires the programmer to specify what the program should do, rather than (as with a procedural language) providing the sequential steps indicating how the program ...
Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, classified as imperative programming, [1] that involves implementing the behavior of a computer program as procedures (a.k.a. functions, subroutines) that call each other. The resulting program is a series of steps that forms a hierarchy of calls to its constituent procedures.
The main feature of SQL (non-procedural) is also its drawback: control statements (decision-making or iterative control) cannot be used if only SQL is to be used.PL/SQL provides the functionality of other procedural programming languages, such as decision making, iteration etc.
Imperative – code directly controls execution flow and state change, explicit statements that change a program state procedural – organized as procedures that call each other object-oriented – organized as objects that contain both data structure and associated behavior, uses data structures consisting of data fields and methods together ...
A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:
The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative expressive power, but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences. [52] This table provides two measures of expressiveness from two different sources.
A data control language (DCL) is a syntax similar to a computer programming language used to control access to data stored in a database (authorization).In particular, it is a component of Structured Query Language (SQL).