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Pterygoplichthys can be differentiated from most other loricariids due to their large dorsal fins with 9 or more (usually 10) dorsal fin rays, which gives them their common name "sailfin catfish". [7] These fish have rows of armour plating covering the body; the abdomen is almost completely covered in small plates. [5]
The species is native to the Amazon River Basin of Brazil and Peru, preferring pH ranges of 7.0–7.5.It is a facultative air breather; although normally a bottom-dwelling fish, it has the ability to breathe air from the surface of the water during dry periods or when dissolved oxygen is too low.
This can cause the resuspension of particles by gases and the release of dissolved nutrients throughout the water fluid, reducing the effectiveness of the clarifier. Major health issues and problems can also occur further down the track of the water purification system, or the health of the fish found downstream of the clarifier may be hindered.
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are used in home aquaria and for fish production where water exchange is limited and the use of biofiltration is required to reduce ammonia toxicity. [1] Other types of filtration and environmental control are often also necessary to maintain clean water and provide a suitable habitat for fish. [ 2 ]
Oil–water separator; Organisms used in water purification; Parallel plate oil–water separator; Photobioreactor; Reed bed; Regenerative thermal oxidizer; Retention basin; Reverse osmosis; Rotating biological contactor; Sand filter; Screen filter; Sedimentation (water treatment) Septic tank; Septic tank conversion [2] Sequencing batch reactor ...
Fish and waterfowl feces return waste to the water, and their feeding habits may increase turbidity. Cyanobacteria have the disadvantageous ability to add nutrients from the air to the water being purified and to generate toxins in some cases. The choice of organism depends on the local climate different species and other factors. Indigenous ...
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Such equipment can be removed from the tank and installed in-line into the return pipe of the filter. Disadvantages of canister filters include the increased cost and complexity relative to internal filters and difficulties in cleaning the tubes which transfer water to and from the aquarium. [3]