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In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a projection-valued measure (or spectral measure) is a function defined on certain subsets of a fixed set and whose values are self-adjoint projections on a fixed Hilbert space. [1] A projection-valued measure (PVM) is formally similar to a real-valued measure, except that its values are self ...
Depending on the source, the resolution of the identity is defined, either as a projection-valued measure , [4] or as a one-parameter family of projection-valued measures {} with < <. [ 5 ]
A positive operator-valued measure E then assigns each i a positive semidefinite m × m matrix . Naimark's theorem now states that there is a projection-valued measure on X whose restriction is E. Of particular interest is the special case when = where I is the identity operator.
A measure that takes values in the set of self-adjoint projections on a Hilbert space is called a projection-valued measure; these are used in functional analysis for the spectral theorem. When it is necessary to distinguish the usual measures which take non-negative values from generalizations, the term positive measure is used.
In functional analysis and quantum measurement theory, a positive-operator-valued measure (POVM) is a measure whose values are positive semi-definite operators on a Hilbert space. POVMs are a generalisation of projection-valued measures (PVMs) and, correspondingly, quantum measurements described by POVMs are a generalisation of quantum ...
In functional analysis and quantum information science, a positive operator-valued measure (POVM) is a measure whose values are positive semi-definite operators on a Hilbert space. POVMs are a generalization of projection-valued measures (PVM) and, correspondingly, quantum measurements described by POVMs are a generalization of quantum ...
In measure theory, projection maps often appear when working with product (Cartesian) spaces: The product sigma-algebra of measurable spaces is defined to be the finest such that the projection mappings will be measurable. Sometimes for some reasons product spaces are equipped with 𝜎-algebra different than the product 𝜎-algebra. In these ...
The operator is a projector which commutes with , and hence in the decomposition = =, = (), both terms and are invariant subspaces of the operator .Moreover, The spectrum of the restriction of to the subspace is contained in the region ;