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Peak envelope power (PEP) is the average power over a single radio frequency cycle at the crest of the modulation. This is a Federal Communications Commission definition. PEP is normally considered the occasional or continuously repeating crest of the modulation envelope under normal operating conditions.
In electrical engineering the load factor is defined as the average load divided by the peak load in a specified time period. [1] It is a measure of the utilization rate, or efficiency of electrical energy usage; a high load factor indicates that load is using the electric system more efficiently, whereas consumers or generators that underutilize the electric distribution will have a low load ...
[16] [1] [17] [18] For other waveforms, the relationship between peak power and average power is the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The peak power of an amplifier is determined by the voltage rails and the maximum amount of current its electronic components can handle for an instant without damage.
Since the losses in the wires are proportional to the square of the current (and thus the square of the power), the LLF can be calculated by measuring the square of delivered power over a short interval of time (typically half an hour), calculating an average of these values over a long period (a year), and dividing by the square of the peak ...
The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the peak amplitude squared (giving the peak power) divided by the RMS value squared (giving the average power). [1] It is the square of the crest factor. When expressed in decibels , crest factor and PAPR are equivalent, due to the way decibels are calculated for power ratios vs amplitude ratios .
It should not be confused with "half-power" bandwidth, only used in conjunction with filter frequency response curves, where it refers to -3dB points in the frequency response of a band-pass filter. Data sheets for operational amplifiers often use the term (full-)power bandwidth to indicate the highest frequency at which the achievable peak-to ...
Peak values can be calculated from RMS values from the above formula, which implies V P = V RMS × √ 2, assuming the source is a pure sine wave. Thus the peak value of the mains voltage in the USA is about 120 × √ 2, or about 170 volts. The peak-to-peak voltage, being double this, is about 340 volts.
A gigawatt is typical average power for an industrial city of one million habitants, and is the output of a large power station. The GW unit is thus used for large power plants and power grids . For example, by the end of 2010, power shortages in China's Shanxi province were expected to increase to 5–6 GW [ 19 ] and the installation capacity ...