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where b is the number base (10 for decimal), and p is a prime that does not divide b. (Primes p that give cyclic numbers in base b are called full reptend primes or long primes in base b). For example, the case b = 10, p = 7 gives the cyclic number 142857, and the case b = 12, p = 5 gives the cyclic number 2497.
A cyclic number [1] [2] is a natural number n such that n and φ(n) are coprime. Here φ is Euler's totient function. An equivalent definition is that a number n is cyclic if and only if any group of order n is cyclic. [3] Any prime number is clearly cyclic. All cyclic numbers are square-free. [4] Let n = p 1 p 2 …
If p is a prime number, then any group with p elements is isomorphic to the simple group Z/pZ. A number n is called a cyclic number if Z/nZ is the only group of order n, which is true exactly when gcd(n, φ(n)) = 1. [13] The sequence of cyclic numbers include all primes, but some are composite such as 15. However, all cyclic numbers are odd ...
The cyclic number corresponding to prime p will possess p − 1 digits if and only if p is a full reptend prime. That is, the multiplicative order ord p b = p − 1, which is equivalent to b being a primitive root modulo p. The term "long prime" was used by John Conway and Richard Guy in their Book of Numbers.
"A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." [1]: 38 The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. [1]
Since any element of the form (a b c) squared is (a c b), and (a b c)(a c b) = e, any element of H in the form (a b c) must be paired with its inverse. Specifically, the remaining 5 elements of H must come from distinct pairs of elements in A 4 that are not in V. This is impossible since pairs of elements must be even and cannot total up to 5 ...
A cyclic group Z n is a group all of whose elements are powers of a particular element a where a n = a 0 = e, the identity. A typical realization of this group is as the complex n th roots of unity. Sending a to a primitive root of unity gives an isomorphism between the two. This can be done with any finite cyclic group.
Some authors use infix notation: a < b < c, with the understanding that this does not carry the usual meaning of a < b and b < c for some binary relation < (Černy 1978, p. 262). Weinstein (1996, p. 81) emphasizes the cyclic nature by repeating an element: p ↪ r ↪ q ↪ p. ^embedding Novák (1984, p. 332) calls an embedding an "isomorphic ...