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TOP500 ranks the world's 500 fastest high-performance computers, as measured by the High Performance LINPACK (HPL) benchmark. Not all existing computers are ranked, either because they are ineligible (e.g., they cannot run the HPL benchmark) or because their owners have not submitted an HPL score (e.g., because they do not wish the size of their system to become public information, for defense ...
Seymour Cray's CDC 6600 from 1964 is often mentioned as the first superscalar design. The 1967 IBM System/360 Model 91 was another superscalar mainframe. The Intel i960CA (1989), [3] the AMD 29000-series 29050 (1990), and the Motorola MC88110 (1991), [4] microprocessors were the first commercial single-chip superscalar microprocessors.
Another benefit of using them is that no source code modifications are needed in general. However, the types and meanings of hardware counters vary from one kind of architecture to another due to the variation in hardware organizations. There can be difficulties correlating the low level performance metrics back to source code.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 21 January 2025. Type of extremely powerful computer For other uses, see Supercomputer (disambiguation). The Blue Gene/P supercomputer "Intrepid" at Argonne National Laboratory (pictured 2007) runs 164,000 processor cores using normal data center air conditioning, grouped in 40 racks/cabinets connected ...
The key to its design was a fairly high parallelism, with up to 256 processors, which allowed the machine to work on large datasets in what would later be known as vector processing. However, ILLIAC IV was called "the most infamous of supercomputers", because the project was only one-fourth completed, but took 11 years and cost almost four ...
High-pin count (HPC), 400 I/O FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) connectors Top: mezzanine card side Bottom: baseboard side. FPGA Mezzanine Card (FMC) is an ANSI/VITA (VMEbus International Trade Association) 57.1 standard that defines I/O mezzanine modules with connection to an FPGA or other device with re-configurable I/O capability.
Seymour Cray's "get the heat out" motto was central to his design philosophy and has continued to be a key issue in supercomputer architectures, e.g., in large-scale experiments such as Blue Waters. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The large amount of heat generated by a system may also have other effects, such as reducing the lifetime of other system components.
In computing, data-oriented design is a program optimization approach motivated by efficient usage of the CPU cache, often used in video game development. [1] The approach is to focus on the data layout, separating and sorting fields according to when they are needed, and to think about transformations of data.