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Alcohol use in this window is responsible for many of the facial characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome. [ 18 ] During the twelfth week, frequent alcohol exposure can negatively impact the brain development which affects cognitive, learning and behavioral skills before birth.
A pregnant woman who consumes alcohol during her pregnancy may give birth to a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). [11] FAS is known to produce children with damage to the central nervous system (general growth and facial features). The prevalence of this class of disorder is thought to be between 2–5 per 1000. [14]
When it occurs simultaneously with alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome it is known as Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. [3] [4] Classically, Wernicke encephalopathy is characterised by a triad of symptoms: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. Around 10% of patients exhibit all three features, and other symptoms may also be present. [5]
There are a variety of symptoms that can occur in children. Infants with microcephaly are born with either a normal or reduced head size. [ 10 ] Subsequently, the head fails to grow, while the face continues to develop at a normal rate, producing a child with a small head and a receding forehead, and a loose, often wrinkled scalp . [ 11 ]
Maxillary hypoplasia can be present as part of genetic syndromes such as Angelman syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with maxillary hypoplasia. Injury to facial bones during childhood can lead to atypical growth. Exposure to Phenytoin in the first trimester of pregnancy has also been associated with the development of maxillary ...
Sterling K. Clarren is one of the world's leading researchers into fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), an umbrella term encompassing fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, static encephalopathy:alcohol exposed and prenatal alcohol exposed.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has numerous symptoms which may include cognitive impairments and impairment of the facial features. [46] PAE remains the leading cause of birth defects and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in the United States, affecting 9.1 to 50 per 1000 live births in the U.S. and 68.0 to 89.2 per 1000 in populations with high levels ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that is a consequence of heavy alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy. Children with FASD have a variety of distinctive facial features, heart problems, and cognitive problems such as developmental disabilities, attention difficulties, and memory deficits. [44]