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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
As it is rare for bonds to deviate significantly from their equilibrium values, the most simplistic approaches utilize a Hooke's law formula: = (,), where is the force constant, is the bond length, and , is the value for the bond length between atoms and when all other terms in the force field are set to 0.
The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units; that is, physical quantities that are generally believed to be universal in nature and thus are independent of the unit system in which they are measured.
This linear relationship was described by Robert Hooke in 1676, for whom Hooke's law is named. If Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta x} is the displacement, the force exerted by an ideal spring equals: F = − k Δ x , {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =-k\Delta \mathbf {x} ,} where k {\displaystyle k} is the spring constant (or force constant), which is ...
One is deformation theory (see e.g. Hooke's law) where the Cauchy stress tensor (of order d-1 in d dimensions) is a function of the strain tensor. Although this description is accurate when a small part of matter is subjected to increasing loading (such as strain loading), this theory cannot account for irreversibility.
However, if the mass is displaced from the equilibrium position, the spring exerts a restoring elastic force that obeys Hooke's law. Mathematically, F = − k x , {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =-k\mathbf {x} ,} where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring (in SI units: N ), k is the spring constant ( N ·m −1 ), and x is the ...
In physics, the restoring force is a force that acts to bring a body to its equilibrium position. The restoring force is a function only of position of the mass or particle, and it is always directed back toward the equilibrium position of the system. The restoring force is often referred to in simple harmonic motion.
In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases.It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion).