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The term "disposable income" is often incorrectly used to denote discretionary income. For example, people commonly refer to disposable income as the amount of "play money" left to spend or save. The Consumer Leverage Ratio is the expression of the ratio of total household debt to disposable income. [citation needed]
It includes every form of cash income, e.g., salaries and wages, retirement income, investment income and cash transfers from the government. It may include near-cash government transfers like food stamps , and it may be adjusted to include social transfers in-kind, such as the value of publicly provided health care and education.
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Average propensity to consume (APC) (as well as the marginal propensity to consume) is a concept developed by John Maynard Keynes to analyze the consumption function, which is a formula where total consumption expenditures (C) of a household consist of autonomous consumption (C a) and income (Y) (or disposable income (Y d)) multiplied by marginal propensity to consume (c 1 or MPC).
Keynes considers absolute income, [23] Duesenberry considers relative income, [24] and Friedman considers permanent income as factors that determine one's consumption. [25] Consumer expectations: Changes in the prices would change the real income and purchasing power of the consumer. If the consumer's expectations about future prices change, it ...
Graphical representation of the consumption function, where a is autonomous consumption (affected by interest rates, consumer expectations, etc.), b is the marginal propensity to consume and Yd is disposable income. In economics, the consumption function describes a relationship between consumption and disposable income.
It reflects the actual funds at the individual's disposal for spending, saving, or investing. [5] Personal income can also be categorized based on its source: Earned income: Earned income is the money an individual receives as direct payment for work or services rendered. It includes wages, salaries, and other compensation earned through active ...
In economics, the absolute income hypothesis concerns how a consumer divides their disposable income between consumption and saving. [1] It is part of the theory of consumption proposed by economist John Maynard Keynes. The hypothesis was subject to further research in the 1960s and 70s, most notably by American economist James Tobin (1918 ...