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They tend to be unstable and to lose further chromosomes during subsequent mitotic divisions, until the 2n+1 and 2n-1 nuclei progressively revert to n. Consistent with this, in E. nidulans (where normally, n=8) nuclei have been found with 17 (2n+1), 16 (2n), 15 (2n–1), 12, 11, 10, and 9 chromosomes.
A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Males of bees and other Hymenoptera , for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations .
The generic term polyploid is often used to describe cells with three or more sets of chromosomes. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Virtually all sexually reproducing organisms are made up of somatic cells that are diploid or greater, but ploidy level may vary widely between different organisms, between different tissues within the same organism, and at different ...
The term life history is often used, particularly for organisms such as the red algae which have three multicellular stages (or more), rather than two. [3] Life cycles that include sexual reproduction involve alternating haploid (n) and diploid (2n) stages, i.e., a change of ploidy is involved.
Both terms are relative: a derived trait for one clade may be an ancestral trait for a different clade. The term "derived trait" is often used interchangeably with the more technical term apomorphy. descendant developmental biology diploid. Denoted in shorthand with the somatic number 2n.
Array-based methods have been accepted as the most efficient in terms of their resolution and high-throughput nature and the highest coverage (choose an array with over 2 million probes) [3] and they are also referred to as virtual karyotype. Data analysis for an array-based DNA copy number test can be very challenging though due to very high ...
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
Nullisomic is a genetic condition involving the lack of both the normal chromosomal pairs for a species (2n-2). [1] Humans with this condition will not survive. [ 2 ]