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Myers proposes calculating the VTS by discounting the tax savings at the cost of debt (Kd). [5] The argument is that the risk of the tax saving arising from the use of debt is the same as the risk of the debt. [6] The method is to calculate the NPV of the project as if it is all-equity financed (so called "base case"). [7]
The cost of debt may be calculated for each period as the scheduled after-tax interest payment as a percentage of outstanding debt; see Corporate finance § Debt capital. The value-weighted combination of these will then return the appropriate discount rate for each year of the forecast period.
Among other things, the value of Ke and the Cost of Debt (COD) [6] enables management to arbitrate different forms of short and long term financing for various types of expenditures. Ke applies most prominently to companies that regularly generate excess capital (free cash flow, cash on hand) from ongoing operations.
c = cost of capital, or the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). NOPAT is profits derived from a company's operations after cash taxes but before financing costs and non-cash bookkeeping entries. It is the total pool of profits available to provide a cash return to those who provide capital to the firm.
Consider one unit of investment that costs $1,000 and returns $1,100 at the end of year 1, i.e. a 10% return on investment before taxes. Now assume tax rate of 20%. If an investor pays $1,000 of capital, at the end of the year, he will have ($1,000 return of capital, $100 income and –$20 tax) $1,080.
In corporate finance, net operating profit after tax (NOPAT) is a company's after-tax operating profit for all investors, including shareholders and debt holders. [1] NOPAT is used by analysts and investors as a precise and accurate measurement of profitability to compare a company's financial results across its history and against competitors.
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If, instead the firm finances with debt, then, assuming the firm owes $100 of interest to investors, its profits are now 0. Investors now pay taxes on their interest income, say $30. This implies for $100 of profits before taxes, investors got $70. [1] This tax-related encouragement of debt financing has not gone uncriticized. [2]