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Carolyn Edelsky was an early critic of the BICS/CALP distinction, arguing that academic language is measured inaccurately by relying on "test-wiseness". [2] Cummins countered this by noting that academic language proficiency does not rely "on test scores as support for either its construct validity or relevance to education". [2]
James Cummins (July 3, 1949- ) is a professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto where he works on language development and literacy development of learners of English as an additional language. In 1979 Cummins coined the acronyms BICS and CALP to refer to processes that help a teacher to qualify a ...
The threshold hypothesis is a hypothesis concerning second language acquisition set forth in a study by Cummins (1976), [1] which stated that a minimum threshold in language proficiency must be passed before a second-language speaker can reap any benefits from language.
The Cummins L-series engine is a straight-six diesel engine designed and produced by Cummins. It displaces 8.9 litres (543.1 cu in), and began production in 1982 as the L10 at the Jamestown Engine Plant in Jamestown, New York. After lengthening its stroke from 136 to 147 mm, its displacement was enlarged to 10.8 litres and the engine renamed ...
Cummins Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and distributes engines, filtration, and power generation products. [2] Cummins also services engines and related equipment, including fuel systems, controls, air handling, filtration, emission control, electrical power generation systems, and trucks.
The Cummins X-series engine is an Inline (Straight)-6 diesel engine produced by Cummins for heavy duty trucks and motorcoaches, replacing the N14 in 2001 when emissions regulations passed by the EPA made the engine obsolete. Originally called the "Signature" series engine, the ISX uses the "Intellect System" (hence the "IS" which is the moniker ...
The 5.9 L Cummins, also known as the "12-Valve" Cummins was the first member of the Cummins B-Series to be used in a light truck vehicle. The 6BT used Bosch fuel systems, injector, and VE rotary pump and P7100 inline injection pumps. Some early 6BTs were supplied with CAV rotary pumps instead, before the Bosch system became the sole standard.
The Cummins Aeos is a concept electric-powered semi-truck tractor unit, an Urban Hauler Tractor, designed by Cummins. [1] The vehicle is named after Aeos , the flying horse, one of four, of Greek mythology that pulled the chariot of the god Helios across the sky; and the Sun with it. [ 2 ]