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Wheat germ or wheatgerm is a concentrated source of several essential nutrients, including vitamin E, folate (folic acid), phosphorus, thiamin, zinc, and magnesium, as well as essential fatty acids and fatty alcohols. [10] [11] It is a good source of fiber. [12] White bread is made using flour that has had the germ and bran removed. [13]
Groats (or in some cases, "berries") are the hulled kernels of various cereal grains, such as oats, wheat, rye, and barley. Groats are whole grains that include the cereal germ and fiber-rich bran portion of the grain, as well as the endosperm (which is the usual product of milling). Groats can also be produced from pseudocereal seeds such as ...
Flour roller mills were specifically designed to efficiently separate the bran and germ elements of the wheat kernel. What remains is the endosperm, generally referred to as white flour. White flour is often artificially enriched to restore some of the nutrition lost by separating out the bran and the germ elements.
The germ is the embryo of the seed that contains B vitamins and trace minerals. Because the germ has a fat content of 10%, [citation needed] it may reduce shelf-life. [citation needed] Thus, it is separated to ensure longer shelf life of the flour. In contrast to enriched flour, whole wheat flour contains both the bran and the germ.
White flour is made entirely from the endosperm or protein/starchy part of the grain, leaving behind the germ and the bran or fiber part. In addition to marketing the bran and germ as products in their own right, middlings include shorts (making up approximately 12% of the original grain, consisting of fractions of endosperm, bran, and germ with an average particle size of 500–900 microns ...
Farina is a carbohydrate-rich food. When enriched with iron, it can be a significant source of dietary iron, especially for vegetarian diets. Popular brands offer up to 50% of the recommended daily value of iron in a single 500-kilojoule (120-kilocalorie) serving. In commercially available farina, the bran and most of the germ are removed.
The milling systems with a lower extraction percentage discard most of the rancidity-prone nutritional minerals and oils associated with the bran and germ elements, [2] of the wheat kernel. [3] Baking functionality is the other issue, with increased loaf volume accomplished by simply removing just the larger flour particles.
"Wheat flour" (as opposed to "wholegrain wheat flour" or "whole-wheat flour") as the first ingredient is not a clear indicator of the product's wholegrain content. If two ingredients are listed as grain products but only the second is listed as wholegrain, the entire product may contain between 1% and 49% wholegrain. [ 32 ]