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The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient power production in low-head applications which was not possible with Francis turbines. [2] The head ranges from 10 to 70 metres (33 to 230 ft) and the output ranges from 5 to 200 MW. Runner diameters are between 2 and 11 metres (6 ft 7 in and 36 ft 1 in).
Friction losses in a Kaplan turbine are less. The shaft of a Francis turbine is usually vertical (in many of the early machines it was horizontal), whereas in a Kaplan turbine it is always vertical. A Francis turbine's specific speed is medium (60–300 RPM); a Kaplan turbine's specific speed is high (300–1000 RPM).
Francis inlet scroll at the Grand Coulee Dam Side-view cutaway of a vertical Francis turbine. Here water enters horizontally in a spiral-shaped pipe (spiral case) wrapped around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner and exits vertically down through the center of the turbine. The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine.
The facility generates power by utilizing 32 Francis turbines each having a capacity of 700 MW and two 50 MW turbines, [1] totalling the installed capacity to 22,500 MW, more than twice the installed capacity of the largest nuclear power station, the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa (Japan) at 7,965 MW.
Kaplan turbine and electrical generator cut-away view. The runner of the small water turbine. A water turbine is a rotary machine that converts kinetic energy and potential energy of water into mechanical work. Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now, they are ...
Pumped storage plants usually use reversible turbine/generator assemblies, which can act both as a pump and as a turbine generator (usually Francis turbine designs). [4] Variable speed operation further optimizes the round trip efficiency in pumped hydro storage plants.
The pump station was designed to remove an annual average of 2.8 cubic metres per second (99 cu ft/s), from a drainage area of 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi). The pump station was commissioned in June 1977. It has four pumps with a capacity of 1.7 cubic metres per second (60 cu ft/s) each, with a maximum lift of 54.3 metres (178 ft).
There are four Francis turbines, which operate as both pumps and generators. These are housed in a cavern within Ben Cruachan, which is 91.5 m (300 ft) long, 23.5 m (77 ft) wide and 38 m (125 ft) high, with an adjacent transformer hall. [18]
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