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  2. Pentadic numerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentadic_numerals

    The notation is similar to the older Roman numerals for numbers 1 to 9 (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX). [1] Unlike the Roman notation, there are only symbols for numbers one ("I") and five ("U"), protruding off the side of a vertical stroke, or stem, which has no numeric value by itself.

  3. Elder Futhark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_Futhark

    The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. It was a writing system used by Germanic peoples for Northwest Germanic dialects in the Migration Period .

  4. Runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes

    The Elder Futhark, used for writing Proto-Norse, consists of 24 runes that often are arranged in three groups of eight; each group is referred to as an ætt (Old Norse, meaning 'clan, group'). The earliest known sequential listing of the full set of 24 runes dates to approximately AD 400 and is found on the Kylver Stone in Gotland , Sweden.

  5. Numbers in Germanic paganism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism

    The two highlight the instruction in the Old English Æcerbot for the speaker to "turn to the east and bow nine times", the Nine Herbs Charm, and a variety of other items as examples. [ 3 ] As highlighted by scholar Leszek Gardeła ( National Museum of Denmark ), "surviving sagas and poems reveal that certain numbers held special significance ...

  6. Old Norse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse

    With the conversion to Christianity in the 11th century came the ... Old East Norse or Old East Nordic between 800 and 1100 is called Runic Swedish in Sweden and ...

  7. Anglo-Saxon runes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes

    Anglo-Saxon runes or Anglo-Frisian runes are runes that were used by the Anglo-Saxons and Medieval Frisians (collectively called Anglo-Frisians) as an alphabet in their native writing system, recording both Old English and Old Frisian (Old English: rūna, ᚱᚢᚾᚪ, "rune").

  8. Scribal abbreviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation

    Scribal abbreviations, or sigla (singular: siglum), are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechanical) sigla are the symbols used to indicate the source manuscript (e.g. variations in text between ...

  9. Runic transliteration and transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_transliteration_and...

    The ansuz rune is always transliterated as o from the Younger Futhark, and consequently, the transliteration mon represents Old Norse man in a runestone from Bällsta, and hon represents Old Norse han in the Frösö Runestone, while forþom represents Old Norse forðom in an inscription from Replösa. [2]