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In general, an electron will propagate randomly in a conductor at the Fermi velocity. [5] Free electrons in a conductor follow a random path. Without the presence of an electric field, the electrons have no net velocity. When a DC voltage is applied, the electron drift velocity will increase in speed proportionally to the strength of the ...
The electron mobility is defined by the equation: =. where: E is the magnitude of the electric field applied to a material, v d is the magnitude of the electron drift velocity (in other words, the electron drift speed) caused by the electric field, and; μ e is the electron mobility.
The formula for evaluating the drift velocity of charge carriers in a material of constant cross-sectional area is given by: [1] =, where u is the drift velocity of electrons, j is the current density flowing through the material, n is the charge-carrier number density, and q is the charge on the charge-carrier.
An electronvolt is the amount of energy gained or lost by a single electron when it moves through an electric potential difference of one volt.Hence, it has a value of one volt, which is 1 J/C, multiplied by the elementary charge e = 1.602 176 634 × 10 −19 C. [2]
Thermal velocity or thermal speed is a typical velocity of the thermal motion of particles that make up a gas, liquid, etc. Thus, indirectly, thermal velocity is a measure of temperature. Technically speaking, it is a measure of the width of the peak in the Maxwell–Boltzmann particle velocity distribution
ion speed of sound, the speed of the longitudinal waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the pressure of the electrons: = () , where is the adiabatic index Alfvén velocity , the speed of the waves resulting from the mass of the ions and the restoring force of the magnetic field:
where is the elementary charge, is the electron mass, is the speed of light, and is the permittivity of free space. [1] This numerical value is several times larger than the radius of the proton . In cgs units , the permittivity factor and 1 4 π {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{4\pi }}} do not enter, but the classical electron radius has the same value.
For different ions with the same charge such as Li +, Na + and K + the electrical forces are equal, so that the drift speed and the mobility are inversely proportional to the radius . [2] In fact, conductivity measurements show that ionic mobility increases from Li + to Cs + , and therefore that Stokes radius decreases from Li + to Cs + .