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The Foster–Greer–Thorbecke indices are a family of poverty metrics.The most commonly used index from the family, FGT 2, puts higher weight on the poverty of the poorest individuals, making it a combined measure of poverty and income inequality and a popular choice within development economics.
The FBISE was established under the FBISE Act 1975. [2] It is an autonomous body of working under the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training. [3] The official website of FBISE was launched on June 7, 2001, and was inaugurated by Mrs. Zobaida Jalal, the Minister for Education [4] The first-ever online result of FBISE was announced on 18 August 2001. [5]
When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics there are two main measures: absolute poverty which compares income against the amount needed to meet basic personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter; [2] secondly, relative poverty measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to others in the same ...
The depth of poverty is the average 'gap' (G) between the level of deprivation poor people experience and the poverty cut-off line. M1 = H x A x G. Adjusted Squared Poverty Gap (M2): This measure reflects the incidence, intensity, and depth of poverty, as well as inequality among the poor (captured by the squared gap, S). M2 = H x A x S.
Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education office in Islamabad. Secondary education in Pakistan begins in year 9 and lasts for four years. After end of each of the school years, students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (or BISE).
This helps to explain why the culture of poverty tends to endure from generation to generation as most of the relationships the poor have are within that class. [32] The "culture of poverty" theory has been debated and critiqued by many people, including Eleanor Burke Leacock (and others) in her book The Culture of Poverty: A Critique. [33]
Payday lenders, which typically charge high interest rates, are more common in lower-income neighborhoods. A cost of poverty, also known as a ghetto tax, [1] a poverty premium, [2] a cost of being poor, or the poor pay more, [3] is the phenomenon of people with lower incomes, particularly those living in low-income areas, incurring higher expenses, paying more not only in terms of money, but ...
Poor Economics: Rethinking Poverty And The Ways To End It, Random House India (25 May 2011). ISBN 978-81-8400-181-5 – India edition hardcover. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, PublicAffairs (April 26, 2011). ISBN 978-1-58648-798-0 – Foreign edition hardcover. Electronic and paperback editions.