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In linguistics, a broken plural (or internal plural) is an irregular plural form of a noun or adjective found in the Semitic languages and other Afroasiatic languages such as the Berber languages. Broken plurals are formed by changing the pattern of consonants and vowels inside the singular form.
Notes: In the plural, both obliques and the vocative merge into a single form. Singular Oblique I and plural Direct always merge into a single form. The above two conditions mean that there can be at most five distinct forms for masculine adjectives (but in fact, no class distinguishes more than four).
At the end of verbs it is used to form verbal participle in the masculine. ^2 If ۍ ends a word it always indicates that the word it occurs in is feminine. ^3 If ئ occurs at the end of a verb, it indicates the verb is in second person plural form. ^4 If ې appears at end of nouns and adjectives it indicates that those are feminine.
Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of Karachi and Lahore in present-day Pakistan and Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu.
Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in form but are semantically similar. For example, the English plural marker has three allomorphs: /-z/ (bugs), /-s/ (bats), or /-ɪz,-əz/ (buses). An allomorph is a concrete realization of a morpheme, which is an abstract unit. That is parallel to the relation of an allophone and a phoneme.
Note that all inanimate objects take feminine singular or feminine plural agreement in the plural, regardless of their "inherent" gender and regardless of the form of the plural. Some nouns have two or more plural forms, usually to distinguish between different meanings. There are over 70 broken plural patterns of which only 31 are common.
The name Urdu was first introduced by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. [29] [30] As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. [80] [81] While Urdu retained the grammar and core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the local Indian dialect Khariboli, it adopted the Perso-Arab writing system, written in the Nastaleeq style.
On the other hand, there are also nouns which have identical forms in the singular and plural, e.g. hagúr 'horses'. Adjectives have a unique plural suffix, whose form depends on the class of the noun they modify, e.g. burúm 'white' gives the x-class plural burum-išo and the y-class plural burúm-ing. Examples of pluralisation in Burushaski: