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Statistics, when used in a misleading fashion, can trick the casual observer into believing something other than what the data shows. That is, a misuse of statistics occurs when a statistical argument asserts a falsehood. In some cases, the misuse may be accidental. In others, it is purposeful and for the gain of the perpetrator.
Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. [5] [6] Misinformation and disinformation are not interchangeable terms: misinformation can exist with or without specific malicious intent, whereas disinformation is distinct in that the information is deliberately deceptive and propagated.
The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact". [23]
In statistics, a misleading graph, also known as a distorted graph, is a graph that misrepresents data, constituting a misuse of statistics and with the result that an incorrect conclusion may be derived from it. Graphs may be misleading by being excessively complex or poorly constructed.
For the Friday article on the campaign’s misleading use of quotations, the campaign declined to address any of the specific examples we raised; instead, spokesperson Karoline Leavitt said ...
Simpson's paradox has been used to illustrate the kind of misleading pancakes that the misuse of statistics can generate. [7] [8] Edward H. Simpson first described this phenomenon in a technical paper in 1951, [9] but the statisticians Karl Pearson (in 1899 [10]) and Udny Yule (in 1903 [11]) had mentioned similar effects earlier.
The President's Falsehoods, Misleading Claims and Flat-Out Lies. [141] [142] By October 9, 2019, The Washington Post ' s fact-checking team documented that Trump had "made 13,435 false or misleading claims over 993 days". [143] On October 18, 2019, the Washington Post Fact Checker newsletter described the situation: A thousand days of Trump.
Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news. [ 10 ] [ 16 ] The term as it developed in 2017 is a neologism (a new or re-purposed expression that is entering the language, driven by culture or technology changes). [ 17 ]