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The risk, incidence, and character of autoimmune disease in women may also be associated with female-specific physiological changes, such as hormonal shifts during menses, pregnancy, and menopause. [ 4 ]
Autoimmune oophoritis is a rare autoimmune disease where the body's own immune system attacks the ovaries. [1] This causes the ovaries to have inflammation, atrophy , and fibrosis . Such changes in the ovaries can cause them to not function properly.
This suggests the benefits of infection resistance may outweigh the risks of autoimmune diseases, particularly given the historically high risk of infection. [ 38 ] Several experimental methods such as the genome-wide association studies have been used to identify genetic risk variants that may be responsible [ 39 ] for diseases such as type 1 ...
Antiphospholipid syndrome, or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS or APLS), is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antiphospholipid antibodies.APS can lead to blood clots in both arteries and veins, pregnancy-related complications, and other symptoms like low platelets, kidney disease, heart disease, and rash.
Hypothyroidism is common in pregnancy with an estimated prevalence of 2-3% and 0.3-0.5% for subclinical and overt hypothyroidism respectively. [8] Endemic iodine deficiency accounts for most hypothyroidism in pregnant women worldwide while chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in iodine sufficient parts of the world.
Pre-existing disease in pregnancy, or an acquired disease: A disease and condition not necessarily directly caused by the pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy; Lupus in pregnancy; Thyroid disease in pregnancy; Risks arising from previous pregnancies: Complications experienced during a previous pregnancy are more likely to recur. [64] [65]
Complications or failures of pregnancy cannot be explained simply by malabsorption, but by the autoimmune response elicited by the exposure to gluten, which causes damage to the placenta. The gluten-free diet avoids or reduces the risk of developing reproductive disorders in pregnant women with celiac disease.
Involvement of sex steroids is indicated by that many autoimmune diseases tend to fluctuate in accordance with hormonal changes, for example: during pregnancy, in the menstrual cycle, or when using oral contraception. A history of pregnancy also appears to leave a persistent increased risk for autoimmune disease.