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Many polymers exhibit hydrophobic surfaces. Highly hydrophobic surfaces made of low surface energy (e.g. fluorinated) materials may have water contact angles as high as ≈ 120°. [15] Some materials with highly rough surfaces may have a water contact angle even greater than 150°, due to the presence of air pockets under the liquid drop.
Graphene oxide flakes in polymers display enhanced photo-conducting properties. [10] Graphene is normally hydrophobic and impermeable to all gases and liquids (vacuum-tight). However, when formed into graphene oxide-based capillary membrane, both liquid water and water vapor flow through as quickly as if the membrane was not present. [11]
The hydrophobic effect represents the tendency of water to exclude non-polar molecules. The effect originates from the disruption of highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water. Polar chemical groups, such as OH group in methanol do not cause the hydrophobic effect.
In addition to experimental investigation of graphene and graphene-based devices, numerical modeling and simulation of graphene has also been an important research topic. The Kubo formula provides an analytic expression for the graphene's conductivity and shows that it is a function of several physical parameters including wavelength ...
The hydrophobic effect depends on the temperature, which leads to "cold denaturation" of proteins. [19] The hydrophobic effect can be calculated by comparing the free energy of solvation with bulk water. In this way, the hydrophobic effect not only can be localized but also decomposed into enthalpic and entropic contributions. [3]
The process, called "Graphair", is so effective that water samples from Sydney Harbor were safe to drink after being treated. Graphene film makes dirty water drinkable in a single step Skip to ...
Proteins have high affinity to carbon nanotubes due to their diversity of amino acids being hydrophobic or hydrophilic. [6] Polysaccharides have been successfully been used to modify carbon nanotubes forming stable hybrids. [48] To make carbon nanotubes soluble in water, phospholipids such as lysoglycerophospholipids have been used. [49]
Graphene doped with various gaseous species (both acceptors and donors) can be returned to an undoped state by gentle heating in vacuum. [22] [24] Even for dopant concentrations in excess of 10 12 cm −2 carrier mobility exhibits no observable change. [24] Graphene doped with potassium in ultra-high vacuum at low temperature can reduce ...