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Separately, people with very dark skin and tightly-curled hair were often depicted in art. [5] Classical pedagogy, intermingled with the fraught legacy of racism, has incorrectly imputed racism to ancient depictions of people with the physical characteristics of sub-Saharan Africans. [5] [17]
They were later moved by the authorities to a safer location. [163] An anti-racist rally in the city on 15 June to support Romani rights was attacked by youths chanting neo-Nazi slogans. The attacks were condemned by Amnesty International [164] and political leaders from both the Unionist and Nationalist traditions in Northern Ireland. [165] [166]
Coin of Emperor Constantine II (r. 337–340), depicting the emperor on horseback, trampling two barbarians Although Ancient Rome has been termed an 'evidently non-racist society', [23] Romans carried considerable cultural stereotypes and prejudices against cultures and peoples that were not integrated into the Roman world, i.e. "barbarians".
Romans practised slavery extensively, but slaves in Ancient Rome were part of various different ethnic groups and were not enslaved because of their ethnic affiliation. [106] According to the English historian Emma Dench , it was "notoriously difficult to detect slaves by their appearance" in Ancient Rome.
Up to [vague] 115 people, including women and children, were forced to seek refuge in a local church hall after being attacked. They were later moved by the authorities to a safer location. [31] An anti-racist rally in the city on 15 June was attacked by local youths chanting neo-Nazi slogans. [citation needed]
Dominant in ancient Greek and Roman conceptions of human diversity was the thesis that physical differences between different populations could be attributed to environmental factors. Though ancient peoples likely had no knowledge of evolutionary theory or genetic variability, their concepts of race could be described as malleable.
In the Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire the Roma also took on the identity of the ethnic religious group, the Athinganoi (Greek: Αθίγγανοι). They were a Manichaean sect [216] regarded as Judaizing heretics who lived in Phrygia and Lycaonia but were neither Hebrews nor Gentiles. They kept the Sabbath, but were not circumcised.
The Romani people were also persecuted by the puppet regimes that cooperated with the Third Reich during the war, especially by the notorious Ustaše regime in the Independent State of Croatia. Tens of thousands of Romani people were killed in the Jasenovac concentration camp, along with Serbs, Jews, and anti-fascist Muslims and Croats.