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The Poland–Russia borders were confirmed in a Polish-Russian treaty of 1992 (ratified in 1993). [10] The Poland–Russia border is 232 km long between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, which is an exclave, unconnected to the rest of Russia due to the Lithuania–Russia border. [12]
The Borders of Poland are 3,511 km (2,182 mi) [1] or 3,582 km (2,226 mi) long. [2] The neighboring countries are Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and the Russian province of Kaliningrad Oblast to the northeast.
On May 20, 1945, in Trstena an agreement for a return to the 1938 borders of Poland was signed and the following day the Czechoslovak border guards moved to the old Czechoslovak border. At several places there were fights between Polish and Czechoslovak militias, but the situation calmed with the arrival of Polish troops on July 17, 1945. [ 131 ]
The Polish–Soviet border, as of 1939, had been determined in 1921 at the Treaty of Riga peace talks, which followed the Polish–Soviet War. [7] Under the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, two weeks after the German invasion of western Poland, the Soviet Union invaded the portions of eastern Poland assigned to it by the Pact, followed by co-ordination with German forces in Poland.
Much of the output of the Polish Partition was exported to Russia proper, especially after the border between Congress Poland and Russia was abolished in 1851. [10] The emancipation reform of 1861 was a major step towards industrialization and urbanization. [10]
The Oder–Neisse line Poland's old and new borders, 1945 At the end of World War II , Poland underwent major changes to the location of its international border. In 1945, after the defeat of Nazi Germany , the Oder–Neisse line became its western border, [ 1 ] resulting in gaining the Recovered Territories from Germany.
Poland shares long eastern borders with Ukraine and with Russia's ally Belarus, and a frontier of some 200 km (125 miles) in its northeastern corner with the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad.
The Polish government's fear that Russia could potentially open up a migrant route via Kaliningrad Oblast culminated in a decision to build a fence on the border with the exclave, similar to the one Poland erected on the Belarusian border the previous year. [112]