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Honey bees at a hive entrance: one is about to land and another is fanning. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a honey bee colony disappear, leaving behind a queen, plenty of food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees. [1]
A dead carpenter bee. Pollinator decline is the reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide that began being recorded at the end of the 20th century. Multiple lines of evidence exist for the reduction of wild pollinator populations at the regional level, especially within Europe and North America.
Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a poorly understood phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or western honey bee colony abruptly disappear. CCD was originally discovered in Florida by David Hackenberg in western honey bee colonies in late 2006. [77]
Census data shows that the number of bee colony operations rose much faster than honey production—and is up 160% since 2007. Pollination—not honey—is why the U.S. needs more bees
Varroa destructor, the Varroa mite, is an external parasitic mite that attacks and feeds on honey bees and is one of the most damaging honey bee pests in the world. [2] [3] A significant mite infestation leads to the death of a honey bee colony, usually in the late autumn through early spring.
Chronic bee paralysis virus infection is a factor that can contribute to or cause the sudden collapse of honeybee colonies. [2] Since honeybees serve a vital role in ecological resilience , it is important to understand factors and diseases that threaten them.
Nosema ceranae was first described in 1996 and was identified as a disease of Apis mellifera in 2004 in Taiwan. [4] Since its emergence in honeybees, N. ceranae has been identified in bumblebee species in South America, [5] China, [6] and England where infection studies indicate N. ceranae has a higher virulence in bumblebees than honeybees.
The bees algorithm [2] [9] mimics the foraging strategy of honey bees to look for the best solution to an optimisation problem. Each candidate solution is thought of as a food source (flower), and a population (colony) of n agents (bees) is used to search the solution space.