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The antidotes for ethylene glycol poisoning are ethanol and fomepizole. This antidotal treatment forms the mainstay of management of ethylene glycol poisoning. The toxicity of ethylene glycol comes from its metabolism to glycolic acid and oxalic acid. The goal of pharmacotherapy is to prevent the formation of these metabolites.
Side effects of alcohols applied to the skin include skin irritation. [2] Care should be taken with electrocautery, as ethanol is flammable. [1] Types of alcohol used include ethanol, denatured ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropyl alcohol. [6] [7] Alcohols are effective against a range of microorganisms, though they do not inactivate spores. [7]
Ethanol, when used to treat or prevent methanol and/or ethylene glycol toxicity, competes with other alcohols for the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, lessening metabolism into toxic aldehyde and carboxylic acid derivatives, and reducing the more serious toxic effects of the glycols when crystallized in the kidneys.
Ethanol may be administered as an antidote to ethylene glycol poisoning [38] and methanol poisoning. [39] It does so by acting as a competitive inhibitor against methanol and ethylene glycol for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). [40] Though it has more side effects, ethanol is less expensive and more readily available than fomepizole in the role. [41]
Fomepizole, also known as 4-methylpyrazole, is a medication used to treat methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. [4] It may be used alone or together with hemodialysis. [4] It is given by injection into a vein. [4] Common side effects include headache, nausea, sleepiness, and unsteadiness. [4] It is unclear if use during pregnancy causes risk ...
Ethylene glycol may also be one of the minor ingredients in screen cleaning solutions, along with the main ingredient isopropyl alcohol. Ethylene glycol is commonly used as a preservative for biological specimens, especially in secondary schools during dissection as a safer alternative to formaldehyde. It is also used as part of the water-based ...
Ethanol is less acutely toxic. [27] All alcohols are mild skin irritants. [25] Methanol and ethylene glycol are more toxic than other simple alcohols. Their metabolism is affected by the presence of ethanol, which has a higher affinity for liver alcohol dehydrogenase. In this way, methanol will be excreted intact in urine. [28] [29] [30]
Adverse effects are mostly associated with short-term use and the reported adverse effects decreased over time. [86] Dryness of the mouth and throat is believed to stem from the ability of both propylene glycol and glycerin to absorb water. [87]: Humectants (Delivery Solvents), 157