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  2. Sentence (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(mathematical_logic)

    A sentence can be viewed as expressing a proposition, something that must be true or false. The restriction of having no free variables is needed to make sure that sentences can have concrete, fixed truth values : as the free variables of a (general) formula can range over several values, the truth value of such a formula may vary.

  3. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    However two slightly different definitions are common. 1. A ⊂ B {\displaystyle A\subset B} may mean that A is a subset of B , and is possibly equal to B ; that is, every element of A belongs to B ; expressed as a formula, ∀ x , x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B {\displaystyle \forall {}x,\,x\in A\Rightarrow x\in B} .

  4. Number sentence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_sentence

    A valid number sentence that is true: 83 + 19 = 102. A valid number sentence that is false: 1 + 1 = 3. A valid number sentence using a 'less than' symbol: 3 + 6 < 10. A valid number sentence using a 'more than' symbol: 3 + 9 > 11. An example from a lesson plan: [6] Some students will use a direct computational approach.

  5. Quantifier (logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier_(logic)

    As an example, the only difference in the definition of uniform continuity and (ordinary) continuity is the order of quantifications. First order quantifiers approximate the meanings of some natural language quantifiers such as "some" and "all". However, many natural language quantifiers can only be analyzed in terms of generalized quantifiers.

  6. Counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting

    Number blocks, which can be used for counting. Counting is the process of determining the number of elements of a finite set of objects; that is, determining the size of a set. . The traditional way of counting consists of continually increasing a (mental or spoken) counter by a unit for every element of the set, in some order, while marking (or displacing) those elements to avoid visiting the ...

  7. Numeral (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)

    In linguistics, a numeral in the broadest sense is a word or phrase that describes a numerical quantity.Some theories of grammar use the word "numeral" to refer to cardinal numbers that act as a determiner that specify the quantity of a noun, for example the "two" in "two hats".

  8. Word n-gram language model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_n-gram_language_model

    To prevent a zero probability being assigned to unseen words, each word's probability is slightly lower than its frequency count in a corpus. To calculate it, various methods were used, from simple "add-one" smoothing (assign a count of 1 to unseen n -grams, as an uninformative prior ) to more sophisticated models, such as Good–Turing ...

  9. Syntax (logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(logic)

    A proposition is a sentence expressing something true or false. [2] A proposition is identified ontologically as an idea, concept or abstraction whose token instances are patterns of symbols, marks, sounds, or strings of words. Propositions are considered to be syntactic entities and also truthbearers.