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Cardiac index is a critical parameter in evaluating cardiac performance and the adequacy of tissue perfusion. In healthy adults, the normal range of cardiac index is generally between 2.6 to 4.2 L/min/m². Values below this range may indicate hypoperfusion and are often seen in conditions such as heart failure, hypovolemia, and cardiogenic ...
Body surface area. In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface area of a human body. For many clinical purposes, BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass. Nevertheless, there have been several important critiques of the use ...
E/A ratio. The E/A ratio is a marker of the function of the left ventricle of the heart. It represents the ratio of peak velocity blood flow from left ventricular relaxation in early diastole (the E wave) to peak velocity flow in late diastole caused by atrial contraction (the A wave). [1] It is calculated using Doppler echocardiography, an ...
Ejection fraction. An ejection fraction (EF) is the volumetric fraction (or portion of the total) of fluid (usually blood) ejected from a chamber (usually the heart) with each contraction (or heartbeat). It can refer to the cardiac atrium, [1] ventricle, [2] gall bladder, [3] or leg veins, [4] although if unspecified it usually refers to the ...
Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat; thus giving the formula: [3] Values for cardiac output are usually denoted as L/min. For a healthy individual weighing 70 kg, the cardiac ...
The left atrial volume is commonly measured by echocardiography or magnetic resonance tomography. It is calculated from biplane recordings with the equation: where A 4 c and A 2 c denote LA areas in 4- and 2-chamber views respectively, and L corresponds to the shortest long-axis length measured in either views. [1]
End-diastolic volume. In cardiovascular physiology, end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the right or left ventricle at end of filling in diastole which is amount of blood present in ventricle at the end of diastole. [1] Because greater EDVs cause greater distention of the ventricle, EDV is often used synonymously with preload ...
Developed by Adolf Eugen Fick (1829–1901), the Fick principle has been applied to the measurement of cardiac output. Its underlying principles may also be applied in a variety of clinical situations. In Fick's original method, the "organ" was the entire human body and the marker substance was oxygen. The first published mention was in ...